diff --git a/9-regular-expressions/01-regexp-introduction/article.md b/9-regular-expressions/01-regexp-introduction/article.md index a35d19a7b..6b5aa701c 100644 --- a/9-regular-expressions/01-regexp-introduction/article.md +++ b/9-regular-expressions/01-regexp-introduction/article.md @@ -1,108 +1,101 @@ -# Patterns and flags +# 樣式(Patterns)與 旗標(flags) -Regular expressions are patterns that provide a powerful way to search and replace in text. +正規表達式(Regular expressions)是提供一種有力的方式在文字上去搜尋與取代的模式。 -In JavaScript, they are available via the [RegExp](mdn:js/RegExp) object, as well as being integrated in methods of strings. +在 JavaScript,它們可以藉由 [RegExp](mdn:js/RegExp) 物件使用,也整合進了字串的方法中。 -## Regular Expressions +## 正規表達式 -A regular expression (also "regexp", or just "reg") consists of a *pattern* and optional *flags*. +一個正規表達式(又稱 "regexp",或只寫做 "reg")由一個 **樣式** 與可選用的 **旗標** 組成。 -There are two syntaxes that can be used to create a regular expression object. +這裡有兩種語法可以用來建立一個正規表達式物件。 -The "long" syntax: +較長的語法: ```js regexp = new RegExp("pattern", "flags"); ``` -And the "short" one, using slashes `"/"`: +和較短的,使用斜線 `"/"`: ```js -regexp = /pattern/; // no flags -regexp = /pattern/gmi; // with flags g,m and i (to be covered soon) +regexp = /pattern/; // 沒有旗標 +regexp = /pattern/gmi; // 搭配旗標 g、m 和 i (等一下會講到) ``` -Slashes `pattern:/.../` tell JavaScript that we are creating a regular expression. They play the same role as quotes for strings. +斜線 `pattern:/.../` 會告訴 JavaScript 我們要建立一個正規表達式。它們扮演著跟字串引號相同的角色。 -In both cases `regexp` becomes an instance of the built-in `RegExp` class. +兩種請況下的 `regexp` 都會變成內建 `RegExp` 類別的實體。 -The main difference between these two syntaxes is that pattern using slashes `/.../` does not allow for expressions to be inserted (like string template literals with `${...}`). They are fully static. +兩種語法主要不同之處在於一種使用斜線 `/.../`,不允許插入表達式(像是字串樣板字面值 `${...}`)。他們是完全靜態的。 -Slashes are used when we know the regular expression at the code writing time -- and that's the most common situation. While `new RegExp`, is more often used when we need to create a regexp "on the fly" from a dynamically generated string. For instance: +斜線用在當我們撰寫程式碼時,所知道的正規表達式 -- 這是最常見的情況。而 `new RegExp`,經常用在我們需要用動態產生的字串建立一個 "即時" 的正規表達式。例如: ```js let tag = prompt("What tag do you want to find?", "h2"); -let regexp = new RegExp(`<${tag}>`); // same as /

/ if answered "h2" in the prompt above +let regexp = new RegExp(`<${tag}>`); // 如果在提示窗中回答 "h2",則等同 /

/ ``` -## Flags +## 旗標 -Regular expressions may have flags that affect the search. +正規表達式可能會有影響搜尋結果的旗標。 -There are only 6 of them in JavaScript: +在 JavaScript 中只有6種: -`pattern:i` -: With this flag the search is case-insensitive: no difference between `A` and `a` (see the example below). +`pattern:i`:使用這個旗標會使搜尋不區分大小寫:`A` 與 `a` 不分(參見下面的範例) -`pattern:g` -: With this flag the search looks for all matches, without it -- only the first match is returned. +`pattern:g`:使用這個旗標會使搜尋查找所有匹配結果, 沒有這個的話 -- 只有第一個匹配結果會傳回。 -`pattern:m` -: Multiline mode (covered in the chapter ). +`pattern:m`:多行模式 (在此章節 介紹)。 -`pattern:s` -: Enables "dotall" mode, that allows a dot `pattern:.` to match newline character `\n` (covered in the chapter ). +`pattern:s`:啟用 "dotAll" 模式, 允許句點符號 `pattern:.` 去匹配換行字元 `\n`(在此章節 介紹)。 -`pattern:u` -: Enables full unicode support. The flag enables correct processing of surrogate pairs. More about that in the chapter . +`pattern:u`:啟用完整 unicode 支援。該旗標啟用了正確的代理對(surrogate pairs)處理。關於更多資訊會列在此章節 。 -`pattern:y` -: "Sticky" mode: searching at the exact position in the text (covered in the chapter ) +`pattern:y`:"Sticky" 模式:搜尋在文本中的確切位置(在此章節 介紹) -```smart header="Colors" -From here on the color scheme is: +```smart header="顏色" +這裡的配色方式是: -- regexp -- `pattern:red` -- string (where we search) -- `subject:blue` -- result -- `match:green` +- 正規表達式 -- `pattern:紅色` +- 字串(我們搜尋的) -- `subject:藍色` +- 匹配結果 -- `match:綠色` ``` -## Searching: str.match +## 搜尋: str.match -As mentioned previously, regular expressions are integrated with string methods. +前面有提到,正規表達式有整合在字串的方法。 -The method `str.match(regexp)` finds all matches of `regexp` in the string `str`. +`str.match(regexp)` 方法用 `regexp` 正規表達式尋找在整個 `str` 字串中的所有匹配結果。 -It has 3 working modes: +它有 3 種運作模式: -1. If the regular expression has flag `pattern:g`, it returns an array of all matches: +1. 如果正規表達式有旗標 `pattern:g`,此傳回一個全部匹配結果的陣列: ```js run let str = "We will, we will rock you"; - alert( str.match(/we/gi) ); // We,we (an array of 2 substrings that match) + alert( str.match(/we/gi) ); // We,we (一個陣列內含 2 個匹配結果的部份字串) ``` - Please note that both `match:We` and `match:we` are found, because flag `pattern:i` makes the regular expression case-insensitive. + 請注意 `match:We` 和 `match:we` 皆被找到,是因為旗標 `pattern:i` 使正規表達式不分大小寫。 -2. If there's no such flag it returns only the first match in the form of an array, with the full match at index `0` and some additional details in properties: +2. 如果沒有旗標 `pattern:g` 傳回形式會是只有第一個匹配結果的陣列,該陣列中包含一些額外資訊在屬性中,完全匹配結果在索引 `0`: ```js run let str = "We will, we will rock you"; - let result = str.match(/we/i); // without flag g + let result = str.match(/we/i); // 不使用旗標 g - alert( result[0] ); // We (1st match) + alert( result[0] ); // We (1st 匹配結果) alert( result.length ); // 1 - // Details: - alert( result.index ); // 0 (position of the match) - alert( result.input ); // We will, we will rock you (source string) + // 額外資訊: + alert( result.index ); // 0 (匹配位置) + alert( result.input ); // We will, we will rock you (來源字串) ``` - The array may have other indexes, besides `0` if a part of the regular expression is enclosed in parentheses. We'll cover that in the chapter . + 如果正規表達式的一部分在括號中,則陣列除了 `0` 外還會有其他索引。我們將在此章節介紹 。 -3. And, finally, if there are no matches, `null` is returned (doesn't matter if there's flag `pattern:g` or not). - - This a very important nuance. If there are no matches, we don't receive an empty array, but instead receive `null`. Forgetting about that may lead to errors, e.g.: +3. 最後,如果沒有匹配結果,會傳回 `null`(與有無 `pattern:g` 旗標無關)。 + 這是很重要的細節。如果沒有匹配結果,我們不會收到一個空陣列,而是收到 `null`。忘記這件事情會導致錯誤,例如: ```js run let matches = "JavaScript".match(/HTML/); // = null @@ -112,50 +105,50 @@ It has 3 working modes: } ``` - If we'd like the result to always be an array, we can write it this way: + 如果我們想要結果永遠是一個陣列,我們可以這麼寫: ```js run let matches = "JavaScript".match(/HTML/)*!* || []*/!*; if (!matches.length) { - alert("No matches"); // now it works + alert("No matches"); // 現在會動了 } ``` -## Replacing: str.replace +## 取代: str.replace -The method `str.replace(regexp, replacement)` replaces matches found using `regexp` in string `str` with `replacement` (all matches if there's flag `pattern:g`, otherwise, only the first one). +`str.replace(regexp, replacement)` 方法用 `regexp` 找到了匹配結果,並在 `str` 字串使用 `replacement` 字串取代。(如果是 `pattern:g` 旗標的話,會是全部匹配結果,反之只會是第一個)。 -For instance: +例如: ```js run -// no flag g +// 沒有 g 旗標 alert( "We will, we will".replace(/we/i, "I") ); // I will, we will -// with flag g +// 有 g 旗標 alert( "We will, we will".replace(/we/ig, "I") ); // I will, I will ``` -The second argument is the `replacement` string. We can use special character combinations in it to insert fragments of the match: +第二個參數是 `replacement` 字串。我們可以在其中使用特殊字元组来插入匹配結果片段: -| Symbols | Action in the replacement string | +| 符號 | 取代字串的操作 | |--------|--------| -|`$&`|inserts the whole match| -|$`|inserts a part of the string before the match| -|`$'`|inserts a part of the string after the match| -|`$n`|if `n` is a 1-2 digit number, then it inserts the contents of n-th parentheses, more about it in the chapter | -|`$`|inserts the contents of the parentheses with the given `name`, more about it in the chapter | -|`$$`|inserts character `$` | +|`$&`|插入整個匹配結果| +|$`|插入匹配結果前面的字串| +|`$'`|插入匹配結果後面的字串| +|`$n`|如果 `n` 是一個 1 到 2 位元的數字,那會插入第 n 個括號中的內容,關於更多在此章節 | +|`$`|插入給定 `name` 括號中的內容, 關於更多在此章節 | +|`$$`|插入字元 `$` | -An example with `pattern:$&`: +`pattern:$&` 的範例: ```js run alert( "I love HTML".replace(/HTML/, "$& and JavaScript") ); // I love HTML and JavaScript ``` -## Testing: regexp.test +## 測試: regexp.test -The method `regexp.test(str)` looks for at least one match, if found, returns `true`, otherwise `false`. +`regexp.test(str)` 方法尋找至少一個匹配結果,如果有找到,傳回 `true`,反之則是 `false`。 ```js run let str = "I love JavaScript"; @@ -164,14 +157,14 @@ let regexp = /LOVE/i; alert( regexp.test(str) ); // true ``` -Later in this chapter we'll study more regular expressions, walk through more examples, and also meet other methods. +之後的章節我們將學習更多正規表達式,經過更多的範例,了解其他方法。 -Full information about the methods is given in the article . +關於方法的完整資訊在此文章 內提供。 -## Summary +## 總結 -- A regular expression consists of a pattern and optional flags: `pattern:g`, `pattern:i`, `pattern:m`, `pattern:u`, `pattern:s`, `pattern:y`. -- Without flags and special symbols (that we'll study later), the search by a regexp is the same as a substring search. -- The method `str.match(regexp)` looks for matches: all of them if there's `pattern:g` flag, otherwise, only the first one. -- The method `str.replace(regexp, replacement)` replaces matches found using `regexp` with `replacement`: all of them if there's `pattern:g` flag, otherwise only the first one. -- The method `regexp.test(str)` returns `true` if there's at least one match, otherwise, it returns `false`. +- 一個正規表達式由一個樣式和可選用的旗標組成,可選用旗標:`pattern:g`、`pattern:i`、`pattern:m`、`pattern:u`、`pattern:s`、`pattern:y`。 +- 除了旗標和特殊符號(我們等等會學到),用正規表達式來搜尋跟部份字串搜尋相同。 +- `str.match(regexp)` 方法尋找這些匹配:若有 `pattern:g` 旗標,找到全部匹配,否則,只找第一個匹配。 +- `str.replace(regexp, replacement)` 方法用 `regexp` 找到了匹配結果,並在 `str` 字串中使用 `replacement` 字串取代。:若有 `pattern:g` 旗標,取代全部匹配結果,反之只取代第一個匹配。 +- `regexp.test(str)` 方法尋找至少一個匹配結果,如果有找到,傳回 `true`,反之則是 `false`。